Robots attract visitors at an industry expo in Beijing. CHEN XIAOGEN / FOR CHINA DAILY

Technology and jobs, whither?goest?thou?

Whether in China or the United States, it is time to pause and?assess the very real impact of technology's advances on?those?who?will?lose their jobs today as the so-called "jobs of?tomorrow" are?created.?

Too often, "globalized" business leaders and?macroeconomists?blindly welcome?every advance in productivity, while investors in turn?reward?news of resulting job reductions?with an upward tick in share prices. As technology advances, and wealth is increasingly concentrated, the challenges of?job?creation and the need for bipartisan discussion on a way forward grow more?increasingly pressing.

According to Credit Suisse's Global Wealth Report 2016, the top one percent in?Russia?controls?nearly 75 percent of that nation's wealth. For India, the figure is?58.4 percent; Indonesia, 40 percent; Brazil, 48 percent; China 43.8 percent; and the United States, 42 percent.

And in a report released early this year at the World Economic Forum in Davos?by?Oxfam, the world's eight richest billionaires now control the same wealth as do the?poorest?half of the earth's population.

It is no surprise then that inequality – its causes and possible solutions – is a?ubiquitous topic of discussion. The debate over economic inequity rages in the East?as?in the West. Raising employment levels is seen as a major challenge for?developing?and developed economies alike, and that includes both China and the United States.

No industry is exempt, and no country, no matter how protected, is able to escape the?elimination of jobs "of the past" – too often with little consideration of the?"people?of today."

All too often the blame is laid squarely on the shoulders of globalization. Witness the?breakout?of protests in Hamburg at the G20 summit. Witness also the relative?success?of politicians who promised protections in the form of trade tariffs and a?closing?of borders. Enduring wage disparities and outdated and imbalanced tax?structures?are also seen as contributors to growing inequality.

However, is?it only the export of jobs that has led to unemployment or are we entering a brave?new?world of technology steadily eroding once secure foundations of employment?

Directly addressing that question can help lead to possible solutions, drawing?perhaps?on apprenticeship programs and new management-employee relationships?that?may well disrupt our present thinking of the workplace.

A revolution is?certainly?on the way. 3D printing and the potential impact on design and?manufacturing?of "printing" in a multi-dimensional manner is an example.

Essentially one can design a pair of shoes, use a 3D-printing facility and see the?immediate?gratification of creativity.

Take another example – driverless cars, which threaten to disrupt a range of?every?day jobs, from that of traditional drivers and mechanics to those of the few?who?may still be managing?gas stations. Self-service gas pumps displaced attendants.?Charging?stations for electric cars may well further disrupt gas stations?eroding employment opportunities.

The ruthless advance of technology has implications?for Asia, particularly in the?garment?industry. In many countries, the clothing industry did for Asia what the?auto?industry had once done for the United States in terms of offering rising wages?and?providing non-farm employment.

Imagine a clothing industry, however, that is brought to the realm of desktop?publishing. As technology displaced a range of publishing jobs, an increasingly self-manned?and self-driven clothing sector could?significantly reduce, if not?eliminate, the need for machine operators and button sewers. These and other jobs?allowed?a generation in Asia to entertain visions of life outside the farm.

The rise of manufacturing in?China, Vietnam and elsewhere in Asia has helped?nations?transition between an agrarian-society towards more service-driven?economies. Factories have employed millions as typically young Asian workers?moved?on from their rural, agrarian lives and transitioned to more urban settings.

Now, an increasingly automated manufacturing industry could?see robotics?limit?the opportunities and the path from factory work to the middle class.

Even in the service sectors, the impact of technology on jobs is growing.?A software?program?can?eliminate the army of junior researchers and outsourced analysts?who?have been extracting the data, filling the spreadsheets and crunching the numbers.?

Ever smarter "smart" machines are capable of collecting and processing?information. The next step for?robotic advisors: drawing inferences, answering?questions?and recommending actions.

As early as 2014, the Associated Press began to automate some of its corporate earnings reports.?Robotic journalism has arrived.

Where will all these advances in technology take us?

Countries throughout the world have used monetary and fiscal policy to spur economic growth in the hope that greater growth will lead to higher employment.

Taxation is another weapon in the arsenal of governments seeking to incentivize behavior?and job creation.

In this brave new world of the knowledge economy, such government measures?alone?are unlikely to be sufficient. Indeed, the solutions?will have to?be found outside of?government, in our communities and businesses.

Providing equality of opportunity to all citizens should remain a guiding principle.

Education will be?the key. Business, government and civil society leaders must come?together?to ensure the quality of education is improved to meet the demands of a?technology-driven?knowledge economy. More importantly, whether in New York or Beijing, or anywhere else, citizens must not be?barred?from quality-oriented education because of high costs.

Optimists feel that productivity increases will eventually lead to the creation of an?entire?range of jobs not thought of earlier. Pessimists look at the pace of automation?and?see a dystopian world ahead. Realists recognize that whatever the future holds?there?is an immediate scenario of displacement and?a?growing challenge of?dislocation for millions of people.

As humanists, we argue that, regardless of the scenario, much more should be done?to?recognize and address the needs of the all too many whom are all too forgotten and?increasingly?left behind.? That is as true in the United States as in China.

Curtis S Chin is a former US ambassador to the Asian Development Ban and Meera Kumar is a New York-based Asia analyst and communications consultant. This article was first published on chinausfocus.com on Aug 1, 2017.